History Alive the United States Through Industrialism Toward Independence Chapter 5 Reading Notes
History is important: every mean solar day, we are reminded of the power of the by to shape our lives and the lodge we alive in, be information technology a family, nation, civilization, faith, or some other historically constituted community. The fashion nosotros understand history shapes our present and how we view the world and affects how we understand reality and our own futures. A proper understanding of how history shapes the present and the hereafter is paramount to engaging and understanding the world around u.s..
We've attempted to create an unbiased list that touches on the near influential and major events in world history, the ones that shaped the world more than whatever other. Some of the events comprehend just a few years, while others cover centuries. Some impacted merely a unmarried land or continent, while others spread out and touched every continent on world. Some are violent conflicts like wars or revolutions, while others were scientific revolutions of the mind that brought man beings around to whole new means of thinking and living. Merely no matter their differences, each of these events left behind a dauntless new globe in their wake. For the sake of historical and scientific objectivity and accuracy, this list will exclude mythological events such equally the Trojan War. This list will likewise exclude religious matters such as the life of Muhammad or Jesus of Nazareth.
To that terminate, here is our humble endeavor to list the top 15 most of import historical events that shaped our modern earth.
15 The Blackness Expiry (1346-53)
The 14th century epidemic of the "Black Death," as well called the black plague or bubonic plague, across Europe and Asia, has go one of the most infamous events in history. The plague killed 30-60 percentage of the unabridged population of Europe, claiming a grand total of anywhere between 75 to 200 million lives. Population growth did not resume until a full century later, and the world population did not recover until the 17th century. The profound religious, social, and economic upheavals resulting from the Black Plague were permanent.
The massive death toll caused an extreme labor shortage, which meant higher wages for the peasants and a greater pick of who they wanted to work for. The land was plentiful, and lords were forced to try and make conditions more bonny to the peasants. Serfdom all merely disappeared as a result, and this "golden age" of prosperity would not be presently forgotten. Decades after, when the feudal lords tried to ringlet back these benefits and render to the old ways, the outcome was widespread peasant revolts. The Black Decease besides helped break the accented authority of the Catholic Church.
14 Pax Romana (27 BC-180 AD)
Translating from Latin as the "Roman Peace," the Pax Romana was a period of 2 hundred years of relative peace within the Roman Empire. It was a remarkable change for an empire famous for its many wars and militarism. While the Pax Romana was not entirely peaceful and yet contained wars of expansion past the military forcefulness of Rome, these were minimal, and demand to exist seen within historical context: mortality was part of daily life in ancient times, and the periods of crunch earlier and after the Pax Romana were marked by much more frequent warfare.
The menstruation of the Pax Romana was the superlative of the Roman Empire's hegemony; it was the largest information technology had ever been or ever would be, commerce and industry were greatly developed, infrastructure was thriving, and the dissimilar nationalities in the empire plant relative peace equally Rome functioned equally a single massive nation, acting equally a precursor to the modern concept of the nation-state. Many innovations were developed that are notwithstanding used today, such equally a postal system, plumbing, improved engineering in roads, a new legal system, and various cultural advances.
At the time, the Pax Romana was considered a miracle, as there had never been peace for such a long continuous time before in any flow of history. The concept was highly influential, and historians have coined variant terms such as Pax Americana, Pax Mongolica, or Pax Britannica for other catamenia of hegemonic - or imperial - peace by a superpower.
13 Fall of Constantinople (1453)
The fall of Constantinople came after a 53-mean solar day siege by the then 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who fittingly took the championship Mehmed the Conqueror. Constantinople was non just whatever urban center; it was the preeminent city in the world and had been an imperial majuscule for sixteen centuries. Information technology had been the upper-case letter of the Roman Empire since 330 A.D.
The fall of the urban center was considered a massive boon to Islam and a blow to Christendom. Previously considered instrumental in the spread of Christianity and even named after the Roman Emperor Constantine, after the Ottoman conquest the city became a stronghold for Islam. The seizure of Constantinople became a precursor to further Ottoman expansion into Europe. Mehmed was even able to claim the title "Caesar," since whoever possessed the imperial majuscule controlled the empire. The siege too marked one of the showtime times that artillery was used in combat, and the recapture of Constantinople remained a Christian pipage dream for many years after, though the Age of Crusading was at an stop. The waves of Byzantine scholars and refugees following the sack of Constantinople had an bear upon on the Renaissance, bringing accumulated knowledge of the Greeks and Romans to Western Europe.
The conquest of Constantinople heralded non merely the plummet of the Byzantine Empire and thus the "final" end of the Roman Empire after 1,500 years, and the ascent of the Ottoman Empire, but likewise marked the end of the Middle Ages. Constantinople was renamed Istanbul and became the upper-case letter of Turkey until 1923.
12 Civil War in the U.s.a. (1861-65)
Many people think the American Civil State of war between the Marriage and the Confederacy merely had implications for the continental United States, but the success of a slaveholding Confederacy stretching across a territory larger than that of whatsoever European power would have been a major setback to the world anti-slavery movement, to say nothing of republican democracy. Call back that the world wasn't exactly rubber for Enlightenment ideas in the mid-1800s.
Monarchy had been advancing in Europe and democratic ideals had been on the retreat since the failed revolutions of 1848. Napoleon 3 reigned as Emperor in France. Slavery still existed in countries similar Republic of cuba and Brazil, and the European regal projection started in 1492 was yet ongoing in the Western Hemisphere.
All that inverse when the Union won, the republic was restored, and slavery was made illegal, delivering a burdensome blow to the global slave trade and accented monarchies. To this day, it remains the deadliest state of war the U.S. ever fought. It's difficult to embrace how unlike the last 150 years would have been had the Union not won.
11 Protestant Reformation (1517-1750)
Chances are you've heard the Protestant Reformation portrayed as something every bit simple as Martin Luther nailing his "95 Theses" to the door of a church, instead of the major European sociopolitical movement that it was. Not to mention the deep-going ideological, political and religious ramifications for future societies. The Reformation started as a religious struggle to question the absolute authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church but quickly spread throughout Western and Central Europe as an anti-feudal movement.
The Reformation led to the carve up betwixt Protestants and Catholics, the Catholic Church losing its monopoly on religion and the implementation of Protestant reforms. In a larger historical sense, the Reformation was important to the struggle confronting feudalism. Intellect and culture were freed from Catholic domination, and the subordination of the church to the state led to the age of science and secularism. Reformers moving to the New Globe would have enormous influence on the founding of the United States, and would culminate in the xxx Years War. Neither the Age of Enlightenment nor the Industrial Revolution would have been possible without the Protestant Reformation.
10 Medical Revolution (19th-20th century)
Imagine a world without doctors or modern medicine - go ahead, we'll wait. Aye, pretty scary, wasn't it? It's hard to believe that as recently as a few centuries ago, even with our improved understanding of human beefcake, diseases were thought to be caused past evil spirits or as divine penalty for sinners.
The work of Louis Pasteur led to a wide acceptance of the germ theory of affliction, which allowed for cures for many infectious diseases to be developed in the 19th century. The invention of vaccines eliminated horrific diseases similar smallpox from the face of the globe and immunized children against polio and rabies. Public health measures were passed equally the growing populations of cities made systematic sanitation necessary. Alexander Fleming invented Penicillin as the kickoff real antibiotic in 1928, which proved to exist effective against many deadly bacterial infections. These developments, forth with advances in technology, chemistry, and biology, led to the age of modern medicine.
nine Industrial and Technological Revolution (1760-1914)
Nosotros've all heard the proper name before at some indicate: it conjures up imagery of large-scale machine industry, an explosion of new inventions, and the beginnings of the modern age. In 1760, the Industrial Revolution starting time started in Great britain as an aftermath and natural progression from the Renaissance only presently spread to all other parts of Europe after the French Revolution. Every bit a outcome, the last remaining traces of feudalism were swept away, bringing in the beginnings of modernistic capitalism.
New machines for product led to the manufacturing plant organization, particularly in the cotton industry, where the need for cotton was increasing rapidly. The mule spindle and the cotton wool gin were game-changers for productivity, and shortly all cotton wool thread was produced in factories. Increased labor productivity in i industry necessitated it in other industries, and car technology sprang up everywhere, from the steam engine to the hydraulic printing. Agriculture and industry became divide, and cities grew rapidly.
The Industrial Revolution wasn't only smog-producing smokestacks or new ways of production; it meant abrupt and profound changes in all social relations. New ideas based on science, logic and reason began to spread. Fragmented labor became a single cooperative labor process, leading to the modern workplace and unprecedented social mobility. Every modern convenience we enjoy today, from healthcare, transportation, and engineering science was due to the Industrial Revolution. However, it would also pb to an increase in slavery in the American South, exploitation, child labor, pollution, and many other injustices. Despite this, the modern world would only could not take existed without the Industrial Revolution.
8 American Revolution (1765-1783)
Some may recall the American Revolution but affected the The states, just the shockwaves from the war are nevertheless being felt to this mean solar day. The revolutionaries fighting for the independence of the thirteen colonies fought for Enlightenment ideas against the British monarchy and became a symbol for revolt against authority, eventually forging a nation that in our modern times is the sole superpower and influences much of the globe.
Non only did the state of war nascence the United States, information technology propagated the idea that anybody was born equal and should be treated fairly. Fifty-fifty if the American Revolution'due south lofty autonomous rhetoric fell curt as far as many were concerned, especially given the property restrictions for holding office and voting, the inability of women to hold function or vote, the perpetuation of slavery, etc., the American Revolution shaped the next two centuries. It paved the way for the French Revolution, and revolutionary movements worldwide. Jeffersonian ideas of commonwealth and republicanism keep to be read and studied. The lasting influence of the American Revolution gives credence to the thought of it beingness one of the most influential events in our history.
vii Gutenberg Press Press (1440)
The printing press is perhaps the nigh important invention of the concluding 2,000 years. German printer Johannes Gutenberg'southward invention of the press press introduced movable type printing to Europe, revolutionizing literacy and acting as a catalyst for the spread of knowledge throughout the world. His invention was i of the major driving forces behind the Renaissance. Before the Gutenberg press, books were copied by hand and were very expensive. Monks, scribes, and the educated labored for many hours past oil lamp to make copies of literature, religious texts, official documents, etc. In some cases, the process could take years.
Later Gutenberg made his printing printing, books could be printed in a tiny fraction of the time. It is hard to overestimate the implications of this: of a sudden, people could have their own copies of books and read them for themselves. Education was no longer express to a select few. Books were non merely for the rich and affluent; as their toll dropped, they could exist sold to the lower classes besides. Political pamphlets could be printed upwards by the thousands and influence social movements like never earlier. Gutenberg'south press press inverse the world and the everyday life of human being beings.
6 Renaissance (14th-17th century)
Say names like Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, and you'll get an idea how much the Renaissance contributed to the world. One of the most culturally and architecturally rich periods of world history, it marked the final transition from the Middle Ages to the modern period. The Renaissance triggered the rebirth of culture later the Black Death, pushing ignorance aside and giving nascence to the development of mathematics and astronomy. Books were printed for the first time, giving the common man the ability to read at volition (previously the domain of priests and monks). Science, art, and literature avant-garde to new heights. World maps were drawn upward and new civilizations discovered, as we finally rejected the idea that the earth was the center of the universe.
The Renaissance was a time of great minds questioning tradition and standing beliefs. The well-nigh distinctive features of Renaissance civilisation were its anti-feudal, secular, humanistic character and worldview. It was an awakening to the earth and the beginning of the modern era.
5 Colonialism (16th-20th century)
The historical effects of the colonial menstruation stretch beyond centuries, and beyond all the continents of the globe. From the 16th century onward, several European powers set up colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Castilian and Portuguese were first global empires, followed closely by the British, French, Dutch, and Russian empires, and eventually by Belgium, Germany, and Italy. The age of colonialism resulted in the division of the earth between them and the exploitation of countries in the third globe.
On many continents, colonialism caused changes in culture, language, order, and economics; it also caused the deaths of millions as European nations brutalized the natives, mostly through individual enterprises with the blessings of their monarchs for their "civilizing" missions. Anti-colonialist movements picked up steam after the two globe wars, and many of these countries would gain their independence. Simply the colonial flow didn't officially end until Portugal transferred Macau to China in 1999.
iv iv, World War II (1939-45)
The worldwide conflict where the Allies defeated the Axis powers involved almost every nation on earth and became the deadliest war in man history, with an estimated l to 80 million deaths. In that location were fronts in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and it ripped apart every race, religion, culture, and nation. Men, women, and children were killed or exterminated by the millions, including in the Holocaust, in which 11 meg people were murdered.
There'due south some argue about when the Second World State of war began, starting from the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, the Castilian Civil War in 1936, the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, or when Britain and France declared war on Germany following the invasion of Poland in 1939. But whichever stage is considered the beginning, World War Ii inverse the face of the earth forever, led to the end of the era of European empires, the creation of the United Nations, and the start of the Cold War.
3 Oct Revolution (1917)
The first successful socialist revolution began when the revolutionary motion in the Russian Empire overthrew the autocracy under the Tsar, and so Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks led a second revolution overthrowing the Provisional Government. The overthrow immediately resulted in the institution of the world's get-go cocky-proclaimed socialist state, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, followed by the beginning of the Russian Civil War. After the socialist Ruby-red Army beat the monarchist and capitalist White Army, they established the government of what would go the U.s.a.S.R., or Soviet Union, in 1922.
The October Revolution changed the course of World War I, set the stage for World War II, the rise and refuse of Fascism, the spread and eventual fall of Communism, the Common cold War, and decolonization, and became the inspiration for many more uprisings for years to come, such every bit the communist revolutions in Federal republic of germany, Republic of hungary, Mongolia. Cuba, Vietnam, China, and many other countries.
two Bump-off of Archduke Ferdinand 2 (1914)
Historians at present say that all roads in the twentieth century lead to World War I (1914-1918), which was acquired by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in June, 1914. By August of that year, Austria-Hungary declared state of war on Serbia, Germany declared state of war on France and Russia, and Britain declared war on Germany, starting a chain reaction of events that somewhen involved all the great powers of the time.
The Swell War was the outset time mod lethal weapons were used in conventional warfare, including chemic weapons and tanks. Over 9 million people were killed and whole empires, like that of Russia, Germany, the Ottomans, and Austria, were dismantled. World State of war 2's origins can exist traced back to the tenuous peace forged after WWI, known at the time as the Corking War. No one could imagine anything worse until the earth had to face WWII a few decades later.
1 French Revolution (1789-94)
It is not possible to overstate the importance of the French Revolution to world history. Not but did it shape the unabridged modern world every bit nosotros know it and pave the way for commercialism to conquer feudalism, it set the stage for revolutionary uprisings and changes in all parts of the world. The menstruation of radical social and political upheaval during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars that followed had a lasting bear on not just on France or Europe, but the entire planet. It volition ever exist remembered as the event that ended feudalism and whose shockwaves led to a total transformation of social structures in every country.
After the French treasury was drained (exacerbated by bankrolling and supplying the American Revolution), it created much misery and hunger, which led to acrimony confronting the monarchy. Images of the revolution, such as the Storming of the Bastille, the guillotine, and the gigantic personality of Robespierre, are now iconic. The French Revolution introduced the concept of the republic to the world, and Revolutionary French republic soon had to fight for its life in wars against all of Europe. Information technology laid the basis for Napoleon Bonaparte'south coup and the wars that followed, which spanned every continent and introduced the modern concept of the corps arrangement for the military (replacing hired armies), and the Napoleonic Code, non to mention the idea of total war.
By its mere existence and the worldwide historical and social transformations information technology caused, the French Revolution can easily be considered the most awe-inspiring historical event of the modernistic era, and more than than any other, the defining historical consequence that changed the world forever.
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